有同學(xué)在學(xué)習(xí)托福雅思的時候,難免會有問題,寫essay的時候總是無從下手?背了那么多單詞卻完全不知道怎么用?那么美國留學(xué)托福雅思寫作小技巧你知道哪些呢?大師兄留學(xué)網(wǎng)【留學(xué)網(wǎng)dsxliuxue.com】小編來為您詳細(xì)介紹。
很多人在寫英語作文時會遇到這樣的問題:不知道怎樣寫展開句。他們在拿到作文題目后能夠很快確定文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和主題句,但對主題句(論點)進行論證時卻發(fā)現(xiàn)寫了兩三句后就無話可說,導(dǎo)致分析論證流于表面,無法深入。遇到這種問題時,可以采取下面這幾種方法進行擴展:
舉例法是目前議論文寫作中最常見,同時也是應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種段落展開方法。通過舉例能夠讓文章內(nèi)容更加豐富,同時更加具有說服力。
比如,有這樣一個作文題目:Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.
如果你支持題目的觀點,可以提出這樣的分論點:Being circumspect about research whose objectives are too vague can help us avoid significant opportunity costs.
展開該分論點的一個方法是舉例,比如可以列舉美國的“星球大戰(zhàn)”研究計劃的例子:
Being circumspect about research whose objectives are too vague can help us avoid significant opportunity costs.Consider the“Star War”defense initiative championed by the then US President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s.In retrospect,this initiative was ill-conceived and largely a waste of taxpayers‘money——money that could have been devoted to addressing pressing socio-economic problems of the day,such as AIDS,environmental damage,poverty and drug trafficking.As it turned out,at the end of the“Star War”debacle America was drawn into a quagmire of economic recession and social unrest,to the detriment of the nation at large.
使用舉例法需要寫作者具有一定的素材積累。平時閱讀的時候我們要留意收集一些具有一定通用性(即能用于很多題目的論證)同時又有一定的獨特性(即沒有被用得很濫)的例子。
反證法的思路是“如果不(接受本段的論證點),會(產(chǎn)生什么樣的結(jié)果)”,通過這樣的方式來對問題進行更加深入的思考。
舉個例子,對于這樣的題目:Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.我們可以提出這樣的分論點:Students in fields such as law and political science should think critically about current legal systems.學(xué)習(xí)法律和政治學(xué)的學(xué)生應(yīng)該學(xué)會質(zhì)疑當(dāng)今存在的各種法律法規(guī)的正確性。
通過反證法可以進行思路擴展:如果他們不這樣做的話,會發(fā)生什么,從而提升論證的深度:
Students in fields such as law and political science should think critically about current legal systems.While law students must learn to appreciate timeless legal doctrines and principles,they should continually question the fairness and justification of current laws.Without such skepticism,our laws would not evolve to reflect changing societal values and to address new legal issues brought by new technologies,fox example AI and self-driving cars.
分類法也是段落展開的常見方法。分類法根據(jù)事物的特點分別歸類,很多東西可以被分成不同的類別,不同的東西也可以被歸為同一類。主題句確定后,段落的內(nèi)容有時可以用分類順序來組織和發(fā)展。比如,同樣對于上面的題目:Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.我們可以采用分類法進行展開,即對于不同專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的學(xué)生(比如物理專業(yè),藝術(shù)專業(yè),法律專業(yè)),質(zhì)疑精神對他們來說都同樣重要:
The value of skepticism can be illustrated by examples from various fields of study.For students in the field of physics sciences,the ability to question what they are taught is essential.History has seen many physics students,for example Copernicus and Galileo,who queried what they had been taught,thereby paving the way for innovations,invention and discoveries.For art students,it is often bold challenge to established styles and forms,rather than subpar mimicry,that enables them to produce genuinely new art.Even in fields such as law and political science,students must think critically about current legal systems;otherwise,exploitation,tyranny,and prejudice go unchecked.
因果法是論述類文章中最常使用的方法,因果法用于說明事物發(fā)展的原因和結(jié)果,可根據(jù)結(jié)果分析原因,也可以由原因推導(dǎo)結(jié)果。因果法非常適合用來擴展思路。如果你文章寫到一半覺得無話可說,記得多想想“原因和結(jié)果”:是什么原因?qū)е铝爽F(xiàn)在正在描述的現(xiàn)象?現(xiàn)在描述的現(xiàn)象又會導(dǎo)致什么樣的結(jié)果?把這兩點想清楚,文章思路就有了。
如果我們持同意態(tài)度的話,會得出這樣的主論點:Using mobile phones and computers to communicate makes us lose the ability to communicate with each other face to face.
確定了論點之后,我們可以用“因果法”來展開:為什么使用手機和電腦會降低人們的面對面溝通能力?造成人們面對面溝通能力下降的因素有哪些?這些因素會導(dǎo)致什么樣的結(jié)果?仔細(xì)分析之后不難得出下面兩條結(jié)論:
1)很多人在使用電腦或手機聊天的時候很難保持專注,因為他們會受到大量的信息干擾(比如手機推送的新聞和游戲信息等)。習(xí)慣了網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天的人注意力持續(xù)時間會變短,談話的時候容易分心,這會對他們在現(xiàn)實生活中的交流造成障礙。
2)不少人習(xí)慣了在網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天中使用各種流行語和縮寫,但這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語往往難登大雅之堂。如果這種習(xí)慣被帶到現(xiàn)實生活中來,就會給人造成不好的印象。
因此可以這樣展開:
Smart phones and computers could in many ways hinder our face-to-face communication skills.Take conversational behaviour.Heavy users of such electronics often have a short attention span and are more likely to jump from topic to topic when an idea springs to mind.As a consequence,they may become unfocused and sidetracked during offline conversations.Internet slang also does its bit.Today,youngsters who text with abbreviated forms of words tend to speak with the same acronyms and use internet catchphrases heavily.These forms of talking are often construed as flighty and uneducated,from which misunderstandings ensue.
在實際寫作中很少將一種方法運用到底,一般都是將上面多種方法結(jié)合,例如反證+舉例,因果+舉例,分類+反證等,這樣論證效果會更好。同時,為了使展開句寫得順暢連貫,我們還要留意連接詞的使用,例如:
轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:while,yet,but,however
并列關(guān)系:and,also,likewise
讓步關(guān)系:though,although,despite,in spite of
遞進關(guān)系:moreover,what is more,furthermore,in addition,besides
寫作是思考的反映,經(jīng)歷什么樣的思考就會寫出什么樣的文章。因此,要真正寫好一個段落一篇文章,除了采取以上幾種方法之外,還要學(xué)會訓(xùn)練自己的思考能力,對日常發(fā)生的大小事件、別人的觀點,要多從不同層面思考它們的前因后果、成立的前提、適用的領(lǐng)域等,讓寫作水平和思維能力同步提升。
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