根據(jù)今年備戰(zhàn)托?？绝唫兊囊?小編今天就給大家聊一下托福閱讀解析吧,其實(shí)托福閱讀是目前公認(rèn)的比較難的一項(xiàng)考試部分,因?yàn)橥懈ｉ喿x的字?jǐn)?shù)和篇目較長(zhǎng),而且他的時(shí)間是有限的,這就要求我們?cè)谟邢薜臅r(shí)間里,要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造出更高的效率和準(zhǔn)確率。那么我們到底如何快速提高托福閱讀成績(jī)呢?這就要求我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)一定要做好詞匯積累,遇到不懂的生詞,先不要著急查閱資料,我們可以根據(jù)上下文推出其含義,還有在考前一定要去認(rèn)真分析往年的真題,今天小編就具體給大家介紹托福tpo57閱讀答案解析的內(nèi)容。
一、托福tpo57閱讀答案解析
Pests and Pesticides
Around 1870, a little fruit-eating insect arrived in San Jose, California, on some nursery stock shipped from Asia. The pest, which became known as the San Jose scale, quickly spread through the United States and Canada, killing orchard trees as it went. Farmers found that the best way to control the scale was to spray their orchards with a mixture of sulfur and lime. Within a few weeks of spraying a tree, the insect vanished completely.
Around the turn of the century, however,farmers began to notice that the sulfur-lime mixture was not working all that well.A handful of scales would survive a spraying and eventually rebound to their former numbers.In Clarkston Valley in Washington State,orchard growers became convinced that manufacturers were adulterating their pesticide. They built their own factory to guarantee a pure poison, which they drenched over their trees, yet the scale kept spreading uncontrollably.An entomologist named A. L. Melander inspected the trees and found scales living happily under a thick crust of dried spray. Melander began to suspect that adulteration was not to blame.In 1912, he compared how effective the sprays were in different parts of Washington.In Yakima and Sunnyside, he found that sulfur-lime could wipe out every last scale on a tree, while in Clarkston between 4 and 13 percent survived. On the other hand, the Clarkston scales were annihilated by a different pesticide made from fuel oil, just as the insects in other parts of Washington were. In other words, the scales of Clarkston had a peculiar resistance to sulfur-lime.
Melander wondered why. He knew that if individuals eat small amounts of certain poisons, such as arsenic, they can build up an immunity. But San Jose scales bred so quickly that no single scale experienced more than a single spray of sulfur-lime, giving them no chance to develop immunity.
A radical idea occurred to Melander. Perhaps mutations made a few scales resistant to sulfur-lime.When farmers sprayed their trees, these resistant scales survived, as did a few nonresistant ones that hadn’t received a fatal dose. The surviving scales would then breed, and the resistant genes would become more common in the following generations. Depending on the proportions of the survivors, the trees might become covered by resistant or nonresistant scales. In the Clarkston Valley region, farmers had been using sulfur-lime longer than anywhere else in the Northwest and were desperately soaking their trees with the stuff. In the process, they were driving the evolution of more resistant scales.
Melander offered his ideas in 1914, but no one paid much attention to him; they were too busy discovering even more powerful pesticides.In 1939 the Swiss chemist Paul Muller found that a compound of chlorine and hydrocarbons called DDT could kill insects more effectively than any previous pesticide had.DDT was cheap and easy to make, it could kill many species of insects,and it was stable enough to be stored for years.It could be used in small doses, and it didn’t seem to pose any health risks to humans. Between 1941 and 1976, 4.5 million tons of DDT were produced DDT was so powerful and cheap that farmers gave up old-fashioned ways of controlling pests, such as draining standing water or breeding resistant strains of crops.
DDT and similar pesticides created the delusion that pests could be not merely controlled but eradicated, so farmers began spraying pesticides on their crops as a matter of course, rather than to control outbreaks. Meanwhile, public health workers saw in DDT the hope of controlling mosquitoes, which spread diseases such as malaria.
二、托福閱讀十大題型介紹
1.托福閱讀的細(xì)節(jié)題(Factual Information)
解法:a. 提取題干中關(guān)鍵詞定位原文段落中關(guān)鍵詞所在的所有句子. 閱讀定位句理解。c. 正確選項(xiàng)是正確定位句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述或者同義改寫。必須在意思上和語(yǔ)言邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)上完全符合定位句。
細(xì)節(jié)的題的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)主要有以下幾種:a. 該選項(xiàng)的全部或者局部出現(xiàn)了該段落根本就沒(méi)有涉及的信息,概念,特有名詞等等。b. 原文定位句沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)比較級(jí),最高級(jí)一類的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,但是選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了這種無(wú)端的比較。c. 選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了定位句范圍以外的信息,盡管這些信息在本段落中的確被完全提及。d. 選項(xiàng)中有某些形容詞或者副詞起到了加重語(yǔ)氣從而使選項(xiàng)的敘述程度甚至方向發(fā)生了改變脫離原文語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格敘述。
注意:做細(xì)節(jié)題必須定位,切忌憑自己閱讀后的總體感覺(jué)不定位某句話而做題。
2. 托福閱讀的事實(shí)否定題
解法:定位題干關(guān)鍵詞回原文。正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)具備:a. 原文未提及的. 與原文敘述矛盾的;3. 當(dāng)選項(xiàng)中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)看似未提及和明顯矛盾的選項(xiàng)時(shí),優(yōu)先選擇明顯矛盾的選項(xiàng)。所以,在其他類型題目能作為正確選項(xiàng)的在這種題型中均是錯(cuò)誤答案。
3. 托福閱讀的推論題(Inference)
解法: 提取題干中的關(guān)鍵詞回文定位所有出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞的句子,綜合各句提取結(jié)論性的信息。該類信息通常不會(huì)被原文直接以字面意思表達(dá)出來(lái),通常是言外之意。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征與細(xì)節(jié)題的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征基本相同。一般對(duì)于推論題來(lái)說(shuō),更保險(xiǎn)的方法是用排除法做題。如果能排除3個(gè)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng),即使正確選項(xiàng)找不到定位點(diǎn)也可以把題目做出來(lái)。但是使用排除法前提是必須閱讀理解到足夠多的信息。這對(duì)閱讀能力的要求是相對(duì)較高的。
4. 托福閱讀的修辭題
解法:關(guān)鍵詞回文定位。先閱讀定位詞所在的句子,然后讀其下面的句子。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)后面在敘述中出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)事物,或者多個(gè)事物之間的比較,類比關(guān)系。則關(guān)鍵詞所起的作用就是為了說(shuō)明這種比較關(guān)系。正確答案是這種比較關(guān)系的結(jié)果,效果或所要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題的現(xiàn)象本質(zhì)。
5. 托福閱讀的指代題(Reference)
解法:a. 把四個(gè)選項(xiàng)代入原文閱讀翻譯,翻譯不同的就是錯(cuò)誤答案。b. 代詞的傳遞規(guī)則&mdashmdash;同一個(gè)事物可以在后面的數(shù)句話中用不同代詞或同一個(gè)進(jìn)行同一個(gè)概念上的表達(dá)--就近原則。
6. 托福閱讀的詞匯題(Vocabulary)
詞匯題沒(méi)有固定解法,詞匯題的主旨就是考察應(yīng)試者的詞匯量。詞匯題近來(lái)考察熟詞辟意的趨勢(shì)明顯加大,所以大家在背單詞的時(shí)候一定要有意識(shí)的積累和總結(jié)這種熟詞辟意的詞匯,并且要重點(diǎn)記憶這些辟意。
7. 托福閱讀的句子簡(jiǎn)化題(Sentence Simplification)
解法:首先看原文標(biāo)出的句子邏輯結(jié)構(gòu),并列,因果,讓步轉(zhuǎn)折,條件狀語(yǔ)等等。正確選項(xiàng)必須符合這種邏輯結(jié)果所表達(dá)信息的完整性和邏輯性。如果有多個(gè)句子同時(shí)符合,則將這些選項(xiàng)中的主從句結(jié)構(gòu)分別和原文標(biāo)出的句子進(jìn)行比較,不符合的排除。如果此時(shí)還有選項(xiàng)不能排除,則再通過(guò)閱讀理解句子意思進(jìn)行最后的選擇。
8. 托福閱讀的插入句子題(Sentence Insertion)
插入句的結(jié)構(gòu)和句前有無(wú)指示代詞。如有指示代詞,則上一句話必須有這個(gè)代詞所指代的正確對(duì)象出現(xiàn)。其次看插入句的結(jié)構(gòu)。能不能承接下文。
9. 托福閱讀的文章總結(jié)題(Prose Summary)
解法:閱讀文章每段主題句,比對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行選擇。排除明顯的細(xì)節(jié)信息選項(xiàng),然后剩下的就是正確選項(xiàng)。
正確選項(xiàng)特征:a. 正確選項(xiàng)必須與本題的引導(dǎo)句信息相關(guān). 正確選項(xiàng)必須是文章中的重要信息&mdashmdash;通常是段落的主題句改寫;c. 正確選項(xiàng)必須是原文中處于被其他論據(jù)或細(xì)節(jié)支持的信息。
錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征:a. 原文中的細(xì)節(jié)信息一旦出現(xiàn)該選項(xiàng)必錯(cuò)。b. 出現(xiàn)了原文沒(méi)有提及過(guò)的信息,該選項(xiàng)必錯(cuò)。c. 與原文敘述矛盾的選項(xiàng)必錯(cuò)。
10. 托福閱讀的圖表信息題(Fill In A Table)
解法:分別把選項(xiàng)中的信息定位回原文然后按照原文順序進(jìn)行分類入選。
錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征:1. 原文中的細(xì)節(jié)信息一旦出現(xiàn)該選項(xiàng)必錯(cuò)。2. 出現(xiàn)了原文沒(méi)有提及過(guò)的信息,該選項(xiàng)必錯(cuò)。3. 與原文敘述矛盾的選項(xiàng)必錯(cuò)。
三、托福閱讀評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
托福閱讀部分,總共有3篇文章,如遇到加試,則隨機(jī)3篇文章算分,另1篇文章不算分,每篇文章700個(gè)字,對(duì)應(yīng)14道題目。
其中,13道題是基礎(chǔ)信息和推斷題,每道題1分。
最后一道題是小結(jié)題,俗稱大題,滿分2分。
大題一般情況下是6選3,3個(gè)選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)一個(gè)扣一分,扣完為止,即在答題中錯(cuò)2或3個(gè)選項(xiàng),這個(gè)題目不得分。因此,每篇文章對(duì)應(yīng)14個(gè)題目,共15分。閱讀部分整體42道題,對(duì)應(yīng)原始分?jǐn)?shù)滿分45分。
比如,某位學(xué)生閱讀部分,錯(cuò)了5道小題,3道大題各錯(cuò)一個(gè)選項(xiàng),因此扣去的分?jǐn)?shù)就應(yīng)該為5+1+1+1=8分,因此原始分?jǐn)?shù)就是37分,最終得分為27分。另一位學(xué)生,錯(cuò)了12道小題,3道大題中,1道大題選錯(cuò)2個(gè)選項(xiàng),另外兩道大題各選錯(cuò)一個(gè),則扣分為12+2+1+1=16分,原始分?jǐn)?shù)為29分,最終分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)應(yīng)為20分。
在此分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)應(yīng)表格中,需要特別注意的是25分和20分的最終分?jǐn)?shù)。如果得到25分以上,那就等于總分有可能上100分,而100分是申請(qǐng)美國(guó)名校的比較有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的分?jǐn)?shù)。如果得到20分以上,那就意味著總分有可能到80分以上,這個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)是申請(qǐng)美國(guó)前100名學(xué)校時(shí)比較基本的分?jǐn)?shù)。
大家還需要注意的是0分的最終分?jǐn)?shù),對(duì)應(yīng)的9分以下的原始分?jǐn)?shù)。在傳統(tǒng)考試中,如果不看題目,直接“蒙”,可能會(huì)得到一定的分?jǐn)?shù)。而在托福閱讀中,如果用“蒙”的方法,可能會(huì)得到9分的原始分?jǐn)?shù),但最終分?jǐn)?shù)就是0分。
四、如何提升托?？谡Z(yǔ)成績(jī)
備考托?？谡Z(yǔ)需要堅(jiān)持和努力,我們得練好口語(yǔ),所以找到一個(gè)專業(yè)的外教進(jìn)行練習(xí)還是很有必要的。分享一下小編在用的app:留小留,可以隨時(shí)和世界各地的Native Speaker進(jìn)行一對(duì)一的口語(yǔ)對(duì)練,里面有很多專業(yè)的雅思外教可以選擇,而且還有前雅思高級(jí)考官,強(qiáng)烈建議考試前跟雅思考官模擬測(cè)試一下。這個(gè)軟件用起來(lái)就跟打微信語(yǔ)音/視頻電話一樣,質(zhì)量很清晰。這個(gè)是最讓小編感到意外且性價(jià)比超級(jí)高的一個(gè)APP了。小編長(zhǎng)期練習(xí)的一個(gè)外教陪練是英國(guó)的Leila,她不僅口音純正,而且人超級(jí)nice,她本人還是一個(gè)攝影師,小編也經(jīng)常跟她交流攝影方面的技巧。
不過(guò)大家在跟外國(guó)人練習(xí)托?？谡Z(yǔ)的時(shí)候,小編有2個(gè)建議:1是提前準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)話題,帶著話題去跟他們練習(xí)能讓你學(xué)到很多地道的表達(dá);2.是不一定非要選擇歐美的老外,像有些南非、菲律賓的也很專業(yè),練習(xí)口語(yǔ)也不錯(cuò)。
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